Jehovahs Witnesses True Religion or Cult Essay Example Essay Example

Jehovahs Witnesses: True Religion or Cult Essay Example Paper Jehovahs Witnesses: True Religion or Cult Essay Introduction Term Paper – Studying Culture Culutural Anthropology (ANT 5) Jehovah’s Witnesses: True Religion or Cult Jehovah’s Witnesses is a set of beliefs and traditions, that it should be considered a religion. Sometimes the beliefs that Witnesses hold dear to them puts them at odds with mainstream society. While millions around the world practice the religion of being a Jehovah’s Witness, is this a true religion or a cult. I believe a religion is a set of stories, symbols, beliefs and practices, often with a supernatural quality. In a sense, Jehovah’s Witnesses are indeed a part of a particular religion, and from an objective and understanding standpoint, it should be considered as is. They have their own beliefs and traditions, rituals and prayers that really distinguish them from other religions, hence making them their own religion. Charles Taze Russell who officially founded Jehovah’s Witnesses, also known as the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Societ y in 1884. Jehovah Witness leadership claims its members by asserting itself to be the sole Christian religion and authority on the earth today, as well as God’s mouthpiece or prophet. They are encouraged to go door to door sharing their beliefs of the religion and inviting potential new members to come and fellowship with them. Growing up this action would always annoy me, because it seemed like they were pushing a particular religion on people. But that no different from the Christian missionaries when you think about it. Jehovah’s Witnesses has a set of different beliefs and traditions than what is normally taught in other Christian religions. My step-father grew up following the Witness religion, his family still practices but he has converted to Christianity. Jehovah’s Witnesses do not believe in the Trinity, they also do not believe that Jesus is God in the flesh. They add the word â€Å"other† four times to Colossians 1:16, 17, teaching that Christ was God’s first creation, i. e. , the reincarnation of Michael the archangel created by Jehovah, rather than the Creator. † says Rodney Kirkland, when asked what makes Jehovah’s Witness religion different from Christianity. I decided to call my step-father because he knew a lot about the religion, but he could be unbiased. Jehovahs Witnesses: True Religion or Cult Essay Body Paragraphs Jehovah’s Witnesses believe Jehovah transferred the life force and the personality pattern of his first-born heavenly son, Michael, to the womb of Mary. God’s own active force, his holy spirit, safeguarded the development of the child in Mary’s womb so that what was born was a â€Å"perfect human†. â€Å"Jehovah’s Witnesses are expected to spend five hours a week doing door-to-door visitation and are responsible for selling twelve subscriptions to The Watchtower magazine each month, and are responsible for conducting a Bible study each month in the homes of the people they convert. I hated this growing up, like it something a kid shouldn’t have to be apart of. † says Kirkland. According to Jehovah’s Witnesses’ theology, a person has one of three possible destinies. The Anointed will be in heaven to reign with Jehovah God. The rest of the faithful Jehovah’s Witnesses will live forever on a paradise Earth. They belie ve Jehovah God will destroy those people who are not members of the Watchtower organization. Hearing things like that it sounds like something out of Harry Potter. There is no concept of eternal punishment or hell in Watchtower theology. They also believe that men will have a second chance, after death, to be saved. That’s kind of sexiest if you ask me, but that typical is most religion. Women are rarely on the same level as men. Jehovah’s Witnesses deny the immortality of the soul. They do not believe the soul can exist apart from the body, but that a corpse remains in an unconscious state in the grave waiting for the resurrection. They claim that â€Å"hell† is the grave. Jehovah’s Witnesses will not accept blood for any reason. This raises a lot of eye brows in the medical world, because sometimes this could mean life or death. However, they are allowed to have all the component parts of blood plasma. Jehovah’s Witnesses do not celebrate any hol idays or birthdays. â€Å"When I was younger I would go into hiding around the holidays. We didn’t celebrate anything in my house. I didn’t even get a damn cake on my birthday. The most we would do is celebrate a wedding anniversary. † states Rodney. They believe that this is a concept that the world started and it is not stated in the â€Å"New Translation Bible† that they are to do anything that is not written for them to do. Jehovah’s Witnesses go to the extreme to promote their so-called â€Å"beliefs,† making them technically â€Å"outside of the mainstream. † In this sense, they have a lot of negative images and attention. Even so, they could just as well be classified as a cult, merely because of the extent to which they carry out their practices. Please do not be offended by this. However, when a group claims to be the prophet of God, yet mistranslates the Bible, takes verses out of context, makes false prophecies, and misquot es all to make its position valid, its credibility is lost. It cannot be from God. Claiming that people must â€Å"come to Jehovah’s organization for salvation† the Watch Tower Society places great pressure on Jehovah’s Witnesses to perform according to their guidelines. I have very strong views towards this religion because it was so close to me, but I never understood it. I decided to put my foot where my mouth is and go out with my step-grandmother and her â€Å"sisters† on one of their door to door outings. Most of the women were actually sweet and inviting but not all of them. I was treated like an outsider because they were aware of my research party. I wasn’t able to go up to the door an actually hear what they were saying, which was fine with me. I did witness the slamming of the doors, the rudeness from the Philadelphia citizens of North Philadelphia. I did notice that Jehovah’s Witnesses is a predominately African-American religion . I wonder why is that? The most popular Jehovah’s Witness family would have to the Jacksons. But they aren’t highly favored by the whole Jehovah’s Witness community, due to their music and their appearances. â€Å"My mother hated when I would listen to Janet Michael Jackson. She always would say ‘those aren’t real Witnesses’, I never understood her until I got older. † states Rodney Kirkland’s younger brother John Kirkland Jr. I reached out to John because he still practices the religion down in Orlando, Florida. Witnesses are forbidden to serve in the military, salute the flag, say the pledge of allegiance, vote in elections, take blood transfusions, celebrate birthdays and holidays including Thanksgiving, Easter, and Christmas, and are forbidden to read literature critical of the organization. Over the years, Jehovah’s Witnesses have also been discouraged from associating with non-Jehovah’s Witness friends, par ticipating in after school activities such as sports, and furthering their education by going to college. From door to door preaching, the refusal of blood transfusions, and the ignorance and dismissal of the requirements of military service, they have truly alienated themselves and singled themselves out from the other â€Å"main religions† of the world. In general, a Cult typically refers to a cohesive social group devoted to beliefs or practices that the surrounding population considers to be outside the mainstream. In 1950, the Watch Tower Society came out with their own translation of the Bible, the New World Translation. Jehovah’s Witnesses are told that this translation is the most accurate, unbiased translation available. The Society claims that the New World Translation Committee was made up of highly trained Greek scholars who did their best to â€Å"transmit his God’s thoughts and declarations as accurately as possible. However, when one attempts to check into the credentials of these translators, one finds that the Society is unwilling to release this information, stating that the Committee desires that all the glory for this translation go to Jehovah God and therefore the translators desire to remain anonymous. Over the years, further investigation has revealed who the translators of the New World Translation were, and the facts show that they were totally unqualified for the task of translation. Five of the six Watchtower Governing Body members who were on the Translation Committee had no formal training whatsoever in the Biblical languages. Like all non-Christian cults, the Jehovah’s Witness organization distorts the essential documents of Christianity. It denies the life of Christ, His physical resurrection, and salvation by grace. This alone makes it non-Christian. As a Jehovah’s Witness, you are only encouraged to study what the Watchtower and Awake magazines tell you to study. That means you cannot really check up on its false prophecies on your own. Instead, you must trust what it tells. When someone disagrees with them, they are conditioned to reflect on what the Watchtower has told them. They are strongly encouraged to have friends and acquaintances that are only Jehovah’s Witnesses, thereby keeping outside examination to a minimum. They are told to shun those who leave their group, that way; there is no way to see why someone has left and no way to find out that they are in error from those who have found the truth in Christ. â€Å"My family wasn’t that supportive of my marriage to your mother because she wasn’t Jehovah’s Witness. Since my family is more easy going since times have changed so much, they ended up coming around. But some people that grew up with don’t talk to me anymore because of my choices† says Rodney. They are conditioned to shy away from any real biblically knowledgeable person. The Jehovah’s Witnesses consider themselves to be Christians because they believe they are serving the true and living God. Like many cults, they think they are the only true church on earth. The Jehovah’s Witnesses are discouraged from looking into Jehovah’s Witness history. Lies and suppression of facts are common in politics and business, but one expects to find honesty in those who claim to be speaking for God. You do not have to go to church to be religious in my opinion. I was raised Baptist and consider myself more spiritual than religious. In a nation more inclined toward belief than dependence, religious observance is a matter of private choice. It cannot be compelled by the state or by an established church. Works Cited Ankerberg, John, and John Weldon. The Facts On Jehovah’s Witnesses. Eugene, Or. : Harvest House, 1988. Print. Clark, Daniel. I, Witness: The Shocking Insider’s Story of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Englewood, Colo. : Villa, 2007. Print. We will write a custom essay sample on Jehovahs Witnesses: True Religion or Cult Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jehovahs Witnesses: True Religion or Cult Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jehovahs Witnesses: True Religion or Cult Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Gone with Wind The Ideas of the Civil War in the Movie

Gone with Wind The Ideas of the Civil War in the Movie There are so many movies, which present rather captivating and educative information about the Civil War. Some of them focus on loving affairs during the times of the war; some movies touch upon the historical issues and battles; and some movies just concentrate on certain situations and events in order to represent the peculiarities, which are inherent to wars.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gone with Wind: The Ideas of the Civil War in the Movie specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of these movies are Gettysburg, The Birth of a Nation, Gods and Generals, The Red Badge of Courage, and Gone with the Wind; the last movie deserves our attention in this paper, because of numerous reasons. Gone with the Wind is a historical movie about the War between the States, the Reconstruction, and the inequality that was inherent to those times with all its cruelty and unfairness. With the help of this movie, people can easily ob serve that slavery and racism were considered to be one of the most integral parts of the Civil War. The epic drama under consideration is about the life of Scarlet O’Hara, a fictional character, during a certain period of time – before the times of the Civil War till the times of Reconstruction. First, the movie presents a clear picture of pre-Civil War life: its every day problems, balls, public meetings, etc. Of course, people faced certain difficulties caused by racial and ethnical inequality: black people had to work and be slavers for white ones. However, these problems turned out to be nothing in comparison to the events, which are waiting for them in near future. The Civil War frustrated so many dreams, and no one could overcome the difficulties. To my mind, Scarlet O’Hara is one of those characters, who helps to comprehend how serious and terrible the war and its outcomes are. At the beginning of the movie, when Scarlet is flirting with the twins, she j ust cannot comprehend why so many people are constantly talking about the upcoming war. She finds this war simple, stupid, and unnecessary. However, with time, when this stupid war takes so many loved people, Scarlet cannot but be angry with it. She does not know what to do and how to save her family and herself. When the Civil War starts, we see that Scarlet helps numerous people, who have been injured during the actions. She tears to pieces her dress in order to bind the wounds; she tries to hold on herself and be useful to people. This transformation from a young girl, who does not care about the war and its outcomes into a woman, who is ready to kill in order to protect her house and her family, a woman, who can overcome numerous troubles in order to help and save or relief someone’s life.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Without any doubts, the Civil War caus ed numerous stresses and pressure on people. Those people, who want to continue their lives and save their children’s future, have to be strong, have to be courage. So, first of all, Gone with the Wind helps to comprehend the emotional level of the Civil War and the Reconstructions: people’s emotions, troubles, tears, and lives, which were taken by the war. However, emotional aspect of the war is not the only one that is perfectly described in the movie. Historical events should be also mentioned in this discussion. This masterpiece gives a clear picture of the South; this Civil War saga and the description of a woman, who represents poverty, wealth, war, and war’s consequences, demonstrate the historical development of the events. In this movie, it may really seem that Yankees are quite good people, and the representatives of the Confederation turn out to be evil. However, in the process of watching it, we can realize that Yankee are not that safe and kind, and they are the people, who are ready to spoil all Confederates’ gentility. Gone with the Wind is considered to be a worthwhile piece of writing that touches the minds and souls of millions of people. In fact, it is not my opinion only. Lots of critics have the same point of view and share it with the readers and listeners. â€Å"The perfect story for a nation that had just struggled through an economic depression, it attract readers and viewers everywhere.† (Young 213) The point is that the writer of the novel and the director of the movie made a wonderful attempt to use true facts and unite them with the fictional ones. In fact, Sherman’s troops were on their way to the Carolinas, however, in the movie, they return to Atlanta, and this fact does not coincide with the reality. Of course, there are certain misunderstandings, which take place between the reality and the fiction that was created by ordinary people. â€Å"Eventually, the cultural/nationalistic divis ion between North and South becomes rather confused; in the second part of the film, an intertitle speaks of white Northern and Southern veterans coming together against African Americans ‘in common defense of their Ayran birthday.† (Stokes 181) Well, I cannot but agree that the historical information, presented in the movie, is not really reliable. However, I also cannot but mention that it is a story not about the Civil War only. This movie helps us to see what made people go to actions and give their lives for safer future. There were so many circumstances, which had to be taken into consideration, in order to realize that the war was not a simple obligation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gone with Wind: The Ideas of the Civil War in the Movie specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was something more that touched so many people. Freedom and independence – these are the two things, which any pers on appreciates most of all. During the Civil War, black people wanted to find their independence and become free. So much blood, so many tears, and so many lives†¦ Because of such terrible outcomes, the results could not disappoint people, and we and our future generation should be proud of those actions, which were taken during the times of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Gone with the Wind is regarded to be one of the best epic movies about love, lost, hate, and war. People cannot avoid certain things and cannot influence their development. Wars are the things, which can be caused by several people, and other millions of people will be suffered from them, losing their relatives, lovers, and friends. Beautiful actors, great play, and interesting settings – all this make the movie worthy of attention and admiration. People should have a chance to know more about the Civil War that was crucially important in the life of every American. Watching the movie is one of the w ays to become aware of the historical facts. In fact, the wars have nothing pleasant to share with people, this is why a bit of fiction and attention to other interesting for people details will certainly make watching any historical movie more captivating and easier. Stokes, Melvyn. D. W. Griffith’s: The Birth of a Nation: A History of â€Å"the Most Controversial Motion Picture of all Time. Oxford University press US, 2007. Young, William, H. The Great Depression in America: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.

How to Use If and Only If in Mathematics

How to Use 'If and Only If' in Mathematics When reading about statistics and mathematics, one phrase that regularly shows up is â€Å"if and only if.† This phrase particularly appears within statements of mathematical theorems or proofs. But what, precisely, does this statement mean? What Does If and Only If Mean in Mathematics? To understand â€Å"if and only if,† we must first know what is meant by a conditional statement. A conditional statement is one that is formed from two other statements, which we will denote by P and Q. To form a conditional statement, we could say â€Å"if P then Q.† The following are examples of this kind of statement: If it is raining outside, then I take my umbrella with me on my walk.If you study hard, then you will earn an A.If n is divisible by 4, then n is divisible by 2. Converse and Conditionals Three other statements are related to any conditional statement. These are called the converse, inverse, and the contrapositive. We form these statements by changing the order of P and Q from the original conditional and inserting the word â€Å"not† for the inverse and contrapositive. We only need to consider the converse here. This statement is obtained from the original by saying â€Å"if Q then P.† Suppose we start with the conditional â€Å"if it is raining outside, then I take my umbrella with me on my walk.† The converse of this statement is â€Å"if I take my umbrella with me on my walk, then it is raining outside.† We only need to consider this example to realize that the original conditional is not logically the same as its converse. The confusion of these two statement forms is known as a converse error. One could take an umbrella on a walk even though it may not be raining outside. For another example, we consider the conditional â€Å"If a number is divisible by 4 then it is divisible by 2.† This statement is clearly true. However, this statement’s converse â€Å"If a number is divisible by 2, then it is divisible by 4† is false. We only need to look at a number such as 6. Although 2 divides this number, 4 does not. While the original statement is true, its converse is not. Biconditional This brings us to a biconditional statement, which is also known as an if and only if statement. Certain conditional statements also have converses that are true. In this case, we may form what is known as a biconditional statement. A biconditional statement has the form: †If P then Q, and if Q then P.† Since this construction is somewhat awkward, especially when P and Q are their own logical statements, we simplify the statement of a biconditional by using the phrase if and only if. Rather than say if P then Q, and if Q then P we instead say P if and only if Q. This construction eliminates some redundancy. Statistics Example For an example of the phrase â€Å"if and only if† that involves statistics, look no further than a fact concerning the sample standard deviation. The sample standard deviation of a data set is equal to zero if and only if all of the data values are identical. We break this biconditional statement into a conditional and its converse. Then we see that this statement means both of the following: If the standard deviation is zero, then all of the data values are identical.If all of the data values are identical, then the standard deviation is equal to zero. Proof of Biconditional If we are attempting to prove a biconditional, then most of the time we end up splitting it. This makes our proof have two parts. One part we prove is â€Å"if P then Q.† The other part of the proof we need is â€Å"if Q then P.† Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Biconditional statements are related to conditions that are both necessary and sufficient. Consider the statement â€Å"if today is Easter, then tomorrow is Monday.† Today being Easter is sufficient for tomorrow to be Monday, however, it is not necessary. Today could be any Sunday other than Easter, and tomorrow would still be Monday. Abbreviation The phrase â€Å"if and only if† is used commonly enough in mathematical writing that it has its own abbreviation. Sometimes the biconditional in the statement of the phrase â€Å"if and only if† is shortened to simply â€Å"iff.† Thus the statement â€Å"P if and only if Q† becomes â€Å"P iff Q.†

Using the I Can Problem Solve Program Research Proposal

Using the I Can Problem Solve Program - Research Proposal Example ICPS Program teaches the critical thinking skills children require to solve problems on their own. After receiving this program, children learn to generate solution and alternative solutions to problems. They learn to go one step ahead and think of the situation that will arise once the decision is taken. Ability to plan properly the steps to be taken to reach the main goal is developed on their own. How? Here, students are helped to solve problems on their own by using real life situations and using fun and exciting methods such as using colorful pictures, puppets etc. Discussions among groups of students and role plays are also done during the program to help them understand and come up with various solutions and alternative solutions to situational problems .They are then allowed to find out for themselves which would be the best solution to the problem considering the consequences. The program teaches students basic skills and problem solving language. They learn word concepts, how to identify problems, come up with solutions, find out factors behind problems, generate alternate solutions and also study consequences. Children learn to be sensitive. They recognize not only one’s own feelings but also others. Children tend to be empathetic and understand problems others face from their point of view. And hence they are able to respond to others problems and influence th eir responses in turn. Children become better decision makers. Many role plays are conducted during this program enacting problematic situations. They are requested to come up with solutions and alternative solutions to such situational problems. And they finally choose the best solution on their own after studying the consequences to their decisions. This enables them to manage and solve everyday problems more effectively. Relating lessons learned to other areas, extension activities, activity sheets and other interactive activities are included.

Finance Markets and Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance Markets and Risk - Essay Example The intention of this study is systemic risk that is ushered by unforeseen incidents that amplify uncertainty unimaginably and damage the liquidity of the market at a rapid phase. Illiquidity results in â€Å"prices gaps† in respective markets and in the pricing of a particular asset. The related pressure later extends to the liquidity of funding of financial institutions around the world that are assisting those independent markets. Illiquidity in markets sequentially can result in potentially momentous real economic impacts, thus warrant policy action, particularly by central banks. As per IMF (International Monetary Fund), BIS (Bank for International Settlements) and FSB (Financial Standard Board), systemic financial risk is one, which is associated with the peril of risk of disruption to financial services that (a) is happened by a destruction of whole or parts of the financial system and has the probable to have the worst negative outcome for real economy. During Septembe r 2008, AIG borrowed from the Federal Reserve System an $85 billion two-year loan that too at a penalty rate, which has been termed as ever known the rescue of one of the globe’s major insurers. In return for the rescue operation, Fed received a 79.9% of shares in the AIG. At the time, the investment banking arm of AIG witnessed a systemic risk emanating from its credit default swap (CDS) business. The failure of one firm may not impact its rivals as is happening in the most sectors of the economy nor does it result in market failures. However, in the financial sector, there is an impending peril that the breakdown of any major financial market or institution may result in the adverse impacts on the whole financial system more likely. In several associated channels, such systemic risk can be in operation, if there is a mishap in a specific financial institution. All the depositors of a bank will be in panic and will rush to get back their deposits when the depositors lose the ir trust, if a typical bank run occurs. The banking system of a nation as a whole may be in jeopardy if rumour spreads about the fate of the remaining banks of a nation. The bank runs vulnerability can be a reality typically as there will be a maturity mismatch between their assets and liabilities. The banking system might have invested in long-term debts like loans to households and businesses, whereas they might have accepted deposits from their customer on the demand basis. Even a healthy bank may have chance to witness a bank run despite the fact that its assets would have more value than its liabilities, but a credit crunch may occur if there is premature withdrawal of deposits suddenly by bank customers. Thus, even a solvent bank can witness a liquidity crunch, despite the fact that the liquidity issues may mirror concerns about bank’s solvency. However, there are some risk-aversion strategies, which are in place like lender-of-last-resort facilities and deposit insuran ce, which make the possibility of bank run as a mirage. Short-term deposits are available from one bank to another bank through interbank transactions, and this occupies sizeable quantum of their business transactions. However, at times of liquidity crunch, associations between banks may witness jolts to proliferate through the system. For instance, Barclays bank has provided short-term credit to ANZ bank, then, concerns of default by ANZ bank might jeopardise to the stability of Barclays bank. Such similitude vulnerabilities are regarded to be one of the main causes why the alarm can spread between banks in such scenarios. In such situations, inter-banking lending will come to a halt due to

Violence in the American Workplace Essay -- Business Management Essays

Violence in the American Workplace The American workplace has become a battle ground. Each year thousands of worker’s fall victim to workplace violence, or are at least threatened with acts of violence. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Workplace violence has emerged as an important safety and health issue in today's workplace. It's most extreme form, homicide, is the second leading cause of fatal occupational injury in the United States. Nearly 1,000 workers are murdered, and 1.5 million are assaulted in the workplace each year. The threat of violence in the workplace is a growing phenomena that affects all levels of the work force from taxi drivers to stock traders. According to information provided by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Crime, harassment, and internal violence has created a strikingly visible safety and health problem for the workplace. Recent figures from NIOSH and the Bureau of Labor Statistics show that people at work are increasingly exposed to lethal violence. Homicide accounts for 17% of all deaths in the workplace. It was the leading cause of death for women in the workplace in ..... These figures, now well publicized, create a perception that the workplace is not safe. The picture of the angry worker bent on revenge has become the symbol for the sense of betrayal and loss felt by the American worker in the face of the sweeping changes affecting all levels of the workforce. We must now add to this the frightening picture of gas station attendants, store clerks, and taxi drivers who are dying at work in unacceptably high numbers. Although crime statistics are dropping nationally across the board, violence in the workplace... ...o. 8, Pg. 54 - 57, August 1998, American Hospital Publishing, Inc. Fesseden, Ford, et al. "Rampage Killer’s: A Statistical Portrait". New York Times 9 April 20000, pg. 1, col. 1 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Web Page; http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/violcont.htm; Current Intelligence Bulletin 57: Violence in the Workplace. Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies. July1996, n.p. National Crime Center for Victims of Crime Infolink Web Page; http://207.222.132.10/infolink/info54.htm. Infolink: Workplace Violence - Employer Information. March 8, 2000, n.p. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Web Page; http://www.osha.gov/oshinfo/priorities/violence.html. n.d., n.p. Robinson, Janet L. "10 Facts Every Employer Should Know About Workplace Violence", Smart Business Supersite. Internet Search Engine: Google.com, n.d., n.p.

Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid

The objective of this experiment was to observe multi-step purification of benzoic acid after performing the extraction from a mixture containing benzoic acid, cellulose, and methyl orange. Recrystallization was done to remove impurities from the sample. The amount of BA recovered during recrystallization is much less than the extracted amount of BA. The difference between the pure and impure samples was observed by comparison of melting points. It was found that impure samples will have a lower and wider melting point range.The experiment performed was important because it provides important knowledge about the chemical nature and reactivity’s of various compounds that can be used in everyday life. Introduction Now that the desired compound is extracted, it still contains impurities. These impurities can be removed through a process called recrystallization. Recrystallization is a method for purifying solid compounds which are frequently the products of organic reactions. Thi s theory is based on three important concepts. The first is that a compound is always more soluble in hot solvents than in cold solvents.Secondly, molecules have unique solubility properties. Lastly, a growing crystal will only accept similar entities into its lattice. This is related to the crystal lattice theory which states crystal formation is anti-entropic based on the equation ? G =? H-T? S. There are three stages of solubility: collision, dissociation, and solvation. In order to raise the probability of collision between the solute and solvent, heat is added to the system. When this occurs, the solute will attack the crystalline structure of the solute and start dissociation. As dissociation continues until all the molecules are free, solvation occurs.Choosing the right solvent is important when considering recrystallization. The solute must have a high temperature coefficient in the solvent: it must be soluble at high temperatures and insoluble at low temperatures, satisfyin g the first principle stated above. Also the boiling point of the solvent must be lower than the melting point of the solute. This will ensure that the solute dissolves in the solvent and does not melt. The solvent must also be inert to prevent chemical interactions with the solute. Impurities must either be readily dissolved in the solvent or be insoluble.The solvent must also be volatile, and finally, it would be beneficial to the experimenter if the solvent is relatively inexpensive. Once the color and most impurities are removed, the crystals can be formed in the solution through a process called nucleation. Nucleation can be induced by slowly cooling the solution to room temperature. It is important to do this slowly so that small solute resembling impurities do not enter the crystal lattice, as described by the third principle of recrystallization. Chemists often add already pure crystals of the solute to the solution in order to provide a pre-formed lattice for other molecule s to enter.This is called seeding. Scratching the glass container in which the solution is contained with a glass stir rod will also induce nucleation on microscopic glass particles. The concept of scratching is similar to that of seeding. Finally, nucleation can be induced by cooling the solution farther in an ice bath; however, this is only a last resort option due to its least efficiency to bring forth crystals. The crystallized solute can then be collected by vacuum filtration. There is a difference observed in the physical properties of the pure compound and the impure mixture. One of the tests of purity is melting point.Melting point is an intrinsic, or intensive, property; the value is independent of the quantity of the substance. Melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes physical state from solid to liquid. Because the substance will have a certain shape and surface area exposure, there will be a time interval in which the melting occurs. Thus, it is more accurate to refer to this as melting range. Melting range encompasses the temperature at which the first particles can be seen turning from solid to liquid until all the sample is in the liquid state. Purer samples have smaller melting ranges.Perfectly pure compounds will have ranges of only 1-2 °C. Impurities lower melting point below literature values and also widen the range between which melting occurs. New techniques and equipment used were used during both parts of the purification process. Activated charcoal was used to adsorb impure colored products. Gravity filtration was used to remove insoluble products which were impurities. Fluted filter paper was used to catch more of the impurities. A heating mantel was introduced during recrystallization. It is a heat source used for solutions. For determining the melting point of benzoic acid, a Mel-Temp apparatus was use.It is used for determining when a small amount of a solid begins to melt and when the melting ends while reco rding the temperatures, respectively. Experimental: Recrystallization Lab: Initially, took a small amount of impure BA to the side for following week’s lab. The impure BA crystals were weighed, using an analytical balance, and then placed in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. 200 mL of water was boiled (with boiling stones) in a 250 mL round bottom flask using a heating mantel. The boiled water was added slowly to the benzoic acid crystals. Only enough water was added to dissolve the BA crystals.For the rest of the lab the Erlenmeyer flask was kept on a steam bath. Charcoal was added to the BA solution and then gravity filtered using a funnel with fluted filter paper. The filtrate was collected in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. If color in the BA solution still remained then charcoal should be added again. The BA solution was removed from the steam bath and cooled, preferably on a window sill. If crystals did not form while cooling on window sill, use another method to induce nucleation to the start the formation of crystals. The crystals were collects by vacuum filtration and placed on a watch glass to dry.Melting Point of Benzoic Acid: A melting point tube was loaded with BA crystals by inverting the tube into the BA crystals on the watch glass. The tube was packed by dropping through a funnel. The Mel-Temp apparatus was used to determine the melting point range. A rapid melting range experiment was done first and then a slow melting range experiment was carried out to get a better range. Results: Recrystallization lab: Observations: Not much charcoal was used to adsorb the colored molecules The BA crystals were small, shiny, flaky, and white. Almost comparable to texture of dandruff. Data: Mass of extracted Benzoic Acid = 2. 3 g Mass of recrystallized Benzoic Acid = 1. 84 g Calculations: Percent (%) recovery =(weight after recrystalization)/(mass crude BA) ? 100 Percent (%) recovery =(1. 84 g)/(2. 43 g) ? 100=75. 72% Melting Point lab: Observations: Once the ben zoic acid began to melt, it happened very quickly.It was hard was difficult to watch the melting and recording the start and end temperature. The crude BA had a lower and wider melting point range. Data: Melting Point Ranges RunCrude (Impure) Benzoic Acid ( °C)Purified Benzoic Acid ( °C) Fast 110. 2-118. 4 at 4. 5 selectivity (Range: 8. 2)115. 4-118. 5 at 4 selectivity(Range: 3. ) Slow113. 2-117. 3 selectivity (Range:4. 1)117. 5-120. 0 selectivity (Range: 2. 5) Discussion ; The goal of recrystallization and determining melting point labs were to explore the techniques used to obtain pure samples from desired compounds. After the extraction the goal was to recrystallize the benzoic acid and determine the percent recovery. Then the goal was to determine the melting point range of the recrystallized benzoic acid and compare it to the melting range of the small sample of the impure benzoic acid. 1. 84 grams of pure benzoic acid was obtained, which was calculated to be 75. 2% from th e 2. 43 grams of impure benzoic acid.The percent recovery from the impure sample shows that about three fourths of the sample was able to be collected as pure benzoic acid, and that 0. 59 g of the impure benzoic acid was impurities. From this the experimenter can infer that the pure benzoic acid accounted for most of the mass or that little benzoic acid was lost with the removal of the impurities. Also, there is always a chance that some of the benzoic acid may have remained in the solution instead of crystallizing. Also, using an ice-bath to induce nucleation could have lowered my results or recrystallization because it was the last resort to crystalize the solute. Maybe adding too much charcoal could have adsorbed some of the solute. The charcoal was used to adsorb any of the cellulose (which is the reason for the color) that was left behind. Not too much charcoal was actually used; however, my benzoic acid solution did not have much color so charcoal may not have been needed.Note that the initial value for percent recovery is slightly less than the extracted mass because of the impure benzoic acid set aside for the melting point comparison. The total composition from the very first starting benzoic acid mixture is only 44. 2% (1. 84 grams / 4. 17 grams). Considering practical purposes of recrystallization, one comes to realize how important it is to make this processes as efficient as possible to save money and gain as much product as possible, for example with ibuprofen purification for the pharmaceutical industry. The purity of the sample is shown by the melting range. As expected, the pure benzoic acid had the smallest melting point range of 2. 5 °C. From this, one can tell that this sample was not perfectly pure because pure compounds have melting point ranges of less than 1 °C.There may have been some impurities left in the sample since activated charcoal was not used for this sample. Human error while scraping the impure mixture from the funnel an d also from the Erlenmeyer flask would result in a decreased yield. Also, the nucleation may have had some impurity particles collect in the lattice when recrystallizing. After performing the rapid and slow experiment, the temperatures (especially for the pure BA) were not similar. This was probably due to what is called thermometer lag. If the Mel-Temp apparatus’ selectivity was higher than the temperature readings were not as accurate as the slow experiment.The actual value for the melting range coincides with the literature value of 122. 4 °C given in the reagent table. The impure sample, however, had a significantly larger melting range of 4. 1 °C. Also, the impure sample had a lower temperature. This is because impurities disrupt lattice forces and decrease the energy required to break the intermolecular bonds between benzoic acid molecules. One way that this experiment could have been improved is to have more space to perform the various steps in the lab. A lot of t he mistakes and errors committed (i. e. pillage) were due to crowding of various equipment that were closely packed next to each other. Overall, theses labs were a success be the experimenter was able to achieve the goals of each lab. The benzoic acid was able to recrystallize and the melting point was fairly close to the literature value even with possible errors performed in lab.Works Cited Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Thurs. 7 Oct. 2010. Zubrick, James. The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual. 6th. Pittsburgh: John Wiley & Son, Inc. , 2008. Print. Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid Objective To purify benzoic acid by recrystallization and gain experience with a basic organic laboratory techniques. Background Products of chemical reactions are often contaminated with impurities. One method for purifying chemicals, recrystallization, takes advantage of the differences in the solubilities of the desired products and the impurities and the tendency for the slow formation of crystals to exclude impurities from the crystalline solid. HC HC HC CH C CH MgBr + CO2 + HCl HC HC HC CH C CH CO2H ClMgBr Benzoic acid, the chemical that we will be purifying, can be made by reacting phenylmagnesium bromide with carbon dioxide. When the product of that reaction is treated with hydrochloric acid, benzoic acid is formed. From the balanced chemical equation, it is clear that the benzoic acid will not be pure since the byproduct MgClBr, an ionic solid, forms at the same time the desired product forms. Benzoic acid can be separated from ionic solids because the materials have different solubilities in water. At room temperature, benzoic acid is not particularly soluble in water, whereas ionic solids like MgClBr are. Thus, adding water to the crude reaction products will dissolve the ionic solid, and nearly all of the benzoic acid will remain undissolved. If the suspension were filtered, much of the impurity would be washed away; however, the resulting product wouldn’t be as pure as a recrystallized product. To take advantage of the extra purity garnered by crystallization, all of the benzoic acid must be dissolved. On the other hand, the benzoic acid needs to come back out of solution to crystallize. Simply adding room-temperature water cannot accomplish this goal; once the benzoic acid is dissolved there would be no reason for it crystallize. Since benzoic acid is much more soluble in hot water as compared to cold, small amounts of hot water are added to dissolve the benzoic acid. If the hot, saturated, aqueous solution of benzoic acid is cooled, the solution becomes supersaturated, and the supersaturated solution crystallizes. Procedure 1. Obtain a sample of copper(II) sulfate contaminated benzoic acid. 2. Add approximately 0. g (record the actual mass) of the contaminated benzoic acid and 5 mL of water to a 25-mL Erlenmeyer flask. 3. Warm the flask and its contents on a hot plate and slowly add near-boiling water to dissolve the solids. 4. Continue to warm the flask and add near-boiling water until all of the solids have disolved 5. Remove the flask from the hot plate and allow it to cool slowly on the bench top. Covering the flask with a beaker can help slow the rate at which the solution cools. After approximately twenty minutes, crystals will have formed. Cool the suspension further using an ice bath. If crystals have not formed after 20 minutes, there are a few techniques that can be used to coax the crystals out of solution. Often scratching the glass container with a glass rod will induce crystallization. Alternatively, a seed crystal can be obtained by evaporating a drop of the solution on the tip of a stirring rod or spatula. Returning this seed crystal to the super saturated solution will cause crystals to form. 6. Transfer the crystals to a Hirsch funnel, and filter the benzoic acid–water suspension. . Wash the benzoic acid crystals with ice-cold water by pouring ice-cold water over the crystals. 8. Dry the crystals on the Hirsch funnel; that is, allow the vacuum filtration system to draw air through the crystals until the mass of the crystals remains relatively constant. Place the benzoic acid in your drawer and allow it to dry completely. 9. While the benzoic acid is drying, evaporate the water from the aqueous CuSO4 s olution. Remember to add a magnetic stir bar to your flask to lower the risk of spattering. 10. Note the appearance of your CuSO4, and, if possible, record the mass of the CuSO4 that you obtained. 11. After allowing the benzoic acid crystals to dry for a week, determine the mass and the melting point of the benzoic acid. Experimental Report Write an â€Å"experimental† describing the procedure that you followed to recrystallize the benzoic acid. A first draft of the experimental is due one week after steps 1–10 have been completed. A final copy that includes the final mass and the melting point of the benzoic acid is due one week after step 11 is completed. Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid Objective To purify benzoic acid by recrystallization and gain experience with a basic organic laboratory techniques. Background Products of chemical reactions are often contaminated with impurities. One method for purifying chemicals, recrystallization, takes advantage of the differences in the solubilities of the desired products and the impurities and the tendency for the slow formation of crystals to exclude impurities from the crystalline solid. HC HC HC CH C CH MgBr + CO2 + HCl HC HC HC CH C CH CO2H ClMgBr Benzoic acid, the chemical that we will be purifying, can be made by reacting phenylmagnesium bromide with carbon dioxide. When the product of that reaction is treated with hydrochloric acid, benzoic acid is formed. From the balanced chemical equation, it is clear that the benzoic acid will not be pure since the byproduct MgClBr, an ionic solid, forms at the same time the desired product forms. Benzoic acid can be separated from ionic solids because the materials have different solubilities in water. At room temperature, benzoic acid is not particularly soluble in water, whereas ionic solids like MgClBr are. Thus, adding water to the crude reaction products will dissolve the ionic solid, and nearly all of the benzoic acid will remain undissolved. If the suspension were filtered, much of the impurity would be washed away; however, the resulting product wouldn’t be as pure as a recrystallized product. To take advantage of the extra purity garnered by crystallization, all of the benzoic acid must be dissolved. On the other hand, the benzoic acid needs to come back out of solution to crystallize. Simply adding room-temperature water cannot accomplish this goal; once the benzoic acid is dissolved there would be no reason for it crystallize. Since benzoic acid is much more soluble in hot water as compared to cold, small amounts of hot water are added to dissolve the benzoic acid. If the hot, saturated, aqueous solution of benzoic acid is cooled, the solution becomes supersaturated, and the supersaturated solution crystallizes. Procedure 1. Obtain a sample of copper(II) sulfate contaminated benzoic acid. 2. Add approximately 0. g (record the actual mass) of the contaminated benzoic acid and 5 mL of water to a 25-mL Erlenmeyer flask. 3. Warm the flask and its contents on a hot plate and slowly add near-boiling water to dissolve the solids. 4. Continue to warm the flask and add near-boiling water until all of the solids have disolved 5. Remove the flask from the hot plate and allow it to cool slowly on the bench top. Covering the flask with a beaker can help slow the rate at which the solution cools. After approximately twenty minutes, crystals will have formed. Cool the suspension further using an ice bath. If crystals have not formed after 20 minutes, there are a few techniques that can be used to coax the crystals out of solution. Often scratching the glass container with a glass rod will induce crystallization. Alternatively, a seed crystal can be obtained by evaporating a drop of the solution on the tip of a stirring rod or spatula. Returning this seed crystal to the super saturated solution will cause crystals to form. 6. Transfer the crystals to a Hirsch funnel, and filter the benzoic acid–water suspension. . Wash the benzoic acid crystals with ice-cold water by pouring ice-cold water over the crystals. 8. Dry the crystals on the Hirsch funnel; that is, allow the vacuum filtration system to draw air through the crystals until the mass of the crystals remains relatively constant. Place the benzoic acid in your drawer and allow it to dry completely. 9. While the benzoic acid is drying, evaporate the water from the aqueous CuSO4 s olution. Remember to add a magnetic stir bar to your flask to lower the risk of spattering. 10. Note the appearance of your CuSO4, and, if possible, record the mass of the CuSO4 that you obtained. 11. After allowing the benzoic acid crystals to dry for a week, determine the mass and the melting point of the benzoic acid. Experimental Report Write an â€Å"experimental† describing the procedure that you followed to recrystallize the benzoic acid. A first draft of the experimental is due one week after steps 1–10 have been completed. A final copy that includes the final mass and the melting point of the benzoic acid is due one week after step 11 is completed.